Cardiometabolic syndrome represent a cluster of interrelated risk factors, primarily hypertension, elevated fasting blood sugar, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and elevated triglycerides. Cardiometabolic health has emerged as a concern due to increasing trend in development of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome which are independent risk factors for Cardiovascular Diseases and other complications. The two most important risk factors defined by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute are Central obesity and Insulin resistance. Other risk factors include age, family history, lack of exercise and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular complications like Atherosclerosis, Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart attack, Stroke as well as Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). The syndrome is typically asymptomatic thus it is recommended to measure additional biomarkers associated with insulin resistance.
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Catecholamines are a group of hormones that are released in response to stress. They are produced by the adrenal glands and nerve tissue, including the brain.
Types of catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
How they work
Catecholamines enter the bloodstream and trigger the body’s “fight or flight” response
This response increases blood flow to the brain and muscles, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and increases alertness
The body eliminates the remaining waste through urine
Abnormal catecholamine levels
High levels of catecholamines can cause high blood pressure, headaches, sweating, rapid heart rate, and anxiety
Low or high levels of catecholamines can indicate an underlying health issue, such as a tumor
Catecholamine tests
A urine or blood test can measure the amount of catecholamines in the body
These tests can help check for certain tumors
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The Chlamydia Trachomatis PCR test is a rapid and sensitive method to detect Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria in a sample, usually a swab from the genital area or urine. This test amplifies and detects the bacteria’s DNA, making it a highly accurate diagnostic tool.
Here’s a more detailed explanation:
What it detects:
The PCR test identifies the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis by amplifying specific DNA sequences of the bacteria.
How it’s done:
A sample, like a swab from the genital area or a urine sample, is taken and processed to extract the DNA. Then, a PCR reaction amplifies a specific DNA region of the Chlamydia bacteria.
Why it’s used:
This test is used when someone has symptoms of chlamydia, such as unusual discharge or pain during urination, or as part of routine STI screening.
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The essential features of autoimmune diseases is that tissue injury is caused by immunologic reaction of the organism against its own tissues. These abnormal responses are usually triggered by bacterial or viral infections, smoking or endogenous abnormalities in the immune system. This autoimmune process can be antibody mediated or cell mediated and manifests in a large number of pathologic conditions.
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