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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is expressed primarily by activated monocytes as part of the innate immune response to various microbes, gram-negative bacteria in particular. It’s function is to recruit other leukocytes to the site of infection and to stimulate their activation. TNF-alpha also has some systemic effects, including induction of fever through action on the hypothalamus. In cases of severe gram-negative bacterial infection, Septic shock can occur characterized by hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, tachycardia & increased respiration and can be fatal. Dysregulation of TNF-alpha expression is thought to be a critical pathogenic mechanism in numerous autoimmune diseases, including Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Ankylosing spondylitis (AS). TNF-alpha is used for the evaluation of patients with suspected systemic infection, particularly caused by gram-negative bacteria & for the evaluation of patients with suspected chronic inflammatory disorders.
Usage: | Urine analysis is one of the most useful laboratory tests as it identifies a wide range of medical conditions including renal damage, urinary tract infections, diabetes, hypertension and drug toxicity.This assay is performed on urine sediment by a chemical analyser that is able to detect urine particles in the sediment with high accuracy. This instrument performs sample preparation, takes several images of each sample through its built-in microscope & evaluates them using Auto Image Evaluation Module (AIEM), which is a high quality image processing software. This is a reliable, standardised automatic method for identification of urine sediment & chemical analysis. |
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) is an essential vitamin required for carbohydrate metabolism. It is converted in the intestine to Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) which is the active form of Vitamin B1. The high risk factors for thiamine deficiency include old age, long term parenteral nutrition, hemodialysis, malabsorption or alcohol abuse. Severe deficiency causes congestive heart failure (wet beriberi), peripheral neuropathy (dry beriberi), Wernicke encephalopathy (a medical emergency that can progress to coma and death), and Korsakoff syndrome (often irreversible memory loss and dementia that can follow).