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Indians are at very high risk of developing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), they usually get the disease at an early age, have a more severe form of the disease and have poorer outcome as compared to the western populations. This is due to high prevalence of Atherogenic dyslipidemia, central abdominal adiposity & increased transfats in our diet. Among the various risk factors for ASCVD such as dyslipidemia, Diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, Hypertension, smoking, genetic predisposition etc., dyslipidemia has the highest population attributable risk for MI. Hence monitoring lipid profile regularly for effective management of dyslipidemia remains one of the most important healthcare targets for prevention of ASCVD. This monitoring should start as early as 20 years of age. Lipid association of India (LAI 2020) has categorized individuals into Low risk, Moderate risk, High risk, Very high risk & Extreme risk on the basis of their LDL-C, Non-HDL-C & ApoB blood levels. Use of lipid lowering drugs particularly statins has reduced ASCVD morbidity and mortality; however significant residual risk for the events remains. Additional testing for inflammatory (HsCRP), non-lipid (Homocysteine) and other lipid biomarkers (Apo A, Apo B & Lp(a) ) may be considered for risk refinement. Presence of one or more secondary risk factor should prompt the clinician to consider drug therapy for patient whose atherogenic cholesterol level is higher than goal level.
Cardiometabolic syndrome represent a cluster of interrelated risk factors, primarily hypertension, elevated fasting blood sugar, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and elevated triglycerides. Cardiometabolic health has emerged as a concern due to increasing trend in development of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome which are independent risk factors for Cardiovascular Diseases and other complications. The two most important risk factors defined by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute are Central obesity and Insulin resistance. Other risk factors include age, family history, lack of exercise and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular complications like Atherosclerosis, Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart attack, Stroke as well as Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). The syndrome is typically asymptomatic thus it is recommended to measure additional biomarkers associated with insulin resistance.
The Chlamydia Trachomatis PCR test is a rapid and sensitive method to detect Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria in a sample, usually a swab from the genital area or urine. This test amplifies and detects the bacteria’s DNA, making it a highly accurate diagnostic tool.
Here’s a more detailed explanation:
What it detects:
The PCR test identifies the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis by amplifying specific DNA sequences of the bacteria.
How it’s done:
A sample, like a swab from the genital area or a urine sample, is taken and processed to extract the DNA. Then, a PCR reaction amplifies a specific DNA region of the Chlamydia bacteria.
Why it’s used:
This test is used when someone has symptoms of chlamydia, such as unusual discharge or pain during urination, or as part of routine STI screening.
The essential features of autoimmune diseases is that tissue injury is caused by immunologic reaction of the organism against its own tissues. These abnormal responses are usually triggered by bacterial or viral infections, smoking or endogenous abnormalities in the immune system. This autoimmune process can be antibody mediated or cell mediated and manifests in a large number of pathologic conditions.
This package measures blood glucose levels, including HbA1c levels. The HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c) test measures average blood sugar level over an extended period (8-12 weeks) and is a useful tool for both detecting and/or monitoring diabetes. Consistently elevated blood sugars can increase risk of heart disease, kidney damage and stroke thus monitoring and maintaining the right blood sugar levels is essential to prevent complications. It also includes a set of screenings commonly ordered at an annual health visit, including cholesterol and lipids, as well as kidney function tests to assess overall health.
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) is the result of a T-cell mediated destruction of the beta cells in genetically predisposed individuals. Autoantibodies to a variety of islet cell antigens appear during the course of autoimmune insulitis. Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by the presence of distinct circulating autoantibodies including autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), protein tyrosine phosphatase (IA2), insulin, Zinc transport 8 (ZnT8) antibody and autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic components of islet cells. Measurement of autoantibodies to GAD, IA2, insulin, ZnT8 and of cytoplasmic islet cell antigens (ICA) has been shown to be of significant value for the diagnosis and prediction of type 1 diabetes in first-degree relatives of diabetic patients. ZnT8 antibody complements GAD-65, IA-2, and insulin antibodies as it is positive in 3% to 4% of patients who are negative for GAD-65, IA-2, and insulin antibodies. Use of these 4 antibodies results in 93% to 98% sensitivity. One or several of these autoantibodies are found in most new onset type 1 diabetic patients. They can also be detected before the onset of the disease and characterize the so-called prediabetic period. These autoantibodies help to estimate the risk of an individual developing type 1 diabetes. Testing for all autoantibodies is highly recommended for risk assessment of type 1 diabetes.
